The diagnosis of an intellectual disability is typically made through a test of intelligence or cognition, often assessed by the range of scores on an Intelligence Quotient (IQ) test.1 This type of test will help the health care provider examine the abilities of a person to learn, think, solve problems, and make sense of the world.2 Average IQ test score is around 100, and 85% of children with an intellectual disability score in the range of 55 to 70.3 More severe cases of intellectual disability generally have lower IQ scores.
Clinicians will also observe a child’s behavior for signs of a disability and assess adaptive behavior. Adaptive behaviors include coping skills and other behaviors that show how a child interacts with other people.2 Health care providers can use this information to assess whether the individual has the skills needed to care for oneself and interact with others.
Some conditions that lead to IDDs may be diagnosed with a blood test, ultrasound, or another method, depending upon the condition. These tests may be conducted after birth or during pregnancy.
Newborn screening relies on testing blood samples taken from newborns while they are still in the hospital to help identify certain serious or life-threatening conditions, including some that lead to IDDs. Most tests use a few drops of blood obtained by pricking the infant’s heel. If a screening test suggests a problem, the infant’s doctor will follow up with further testing.4
Prenatal Screening
Health care providers recommend that certain pregnant women, including those who are older than 35 years of age and those with a family history of certain conditions, have their fetuses tested prenatally, while still in the womb, for conditions that cause IDD. There are two main types of prenatal tests.
Amniocentesis5
Amniocentesis is a test that is usually performed to determine whether a fetus has a genetic disorder. In this test, a doctor takes a small amount of fluid from the womb using a long needle. The fluid, called amniotic fluid, contains cells that have genetic material that is the same as the fetus’s genetic material. A laboratory grows the cells and then examines their genetic material for any problems. Some IDDs that can be detected with amniocentesis are Down syndrome and certain types of muscular dystrophy.
Because amniocentesis can cause a miscarriage in about 1 out of 200 cases, it is usually only recommended for pregnancies in which the risk of genetic disorders or other problems is high.
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)6,7
This test extracts cells from inside the womb to determine whether the fetus has a genetic disorder. Using a long needle, the doctor takes cells from the chorionic villi, which are tissues in the placenta, the organ in the womb that nourishes the fetus. The genetic material in the chorionic villus cells is identical to that of the fetal cells.
Like amniocentesis, CVS can be used to test for chromosomal disorders such as Down syndrome and other genetic problems. CVS can be done earlier in pregnancy than amniocentesis, but it is also associated with a higher risk of miscarriage—about 1 in 100 cases. Healthcare providers usually only recommend CVS in women who are at high risk for a condition or IDD.
Citations
Open Citations
- American Academy of Pediatrics. (July 30, 2012). Health issues: Outlook for children with intellectual disabilities. Retrieved August 9, 2012, from http://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/developmental-disabilities/Pages/Outlook-for-Children-with-Intellectual-Disabilities.aspx
- National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities (NICHCY). (January, 2011). NICHCY disability fact sheet #8: Intellectual disabilities. Retrieved August 9, 2012, from https://www.parentcenterhub.org/intellectual/
- American Academy of Pediatrics. (July 30, 2012). Health issues: Children with intellectual disabilities. Retrieved August 9, 2012, from http://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/developmental-disabilities/Pages/Intellectual-Disability.aspx
- National Library of Medicine, Medline Plus. (2012). On newborn screening. Retrieved August 25, 2012, from https://medlineplus.gov/newbornscreening.html
- The Patient Education Institute. (2011, March 01). X-plain: Amniocentesis - Reference summary. Retrieved July 24, 2012, from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/presentations/100192_1.htm
- Simpson, J. L., & Otano, L. (2007). Prenatal genetic diagnosis. In S. G. Gabbe, J. R. Niebyl, & J. L. Simpson (Eds.), Obstetrics: Normal and problem pregnancies (5th ed.). New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone.
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2007). Invasive prenatal testing for aneuploidy. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved September 14, 2014, fromhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18055749/
